Overview
Erectile dysfunction, often called ED, is the repeated difficulty getting or keeping an erection firm enough for sex. It can happen once in a while for many reasons, but if it keeps happening it may need medical attention. ED is not simply a normal part of aging, although it becomes more common with age.
Key Symptoms
The main symptom is trouble getting an erection, trouble keeping it long enough, or an erection that is not firm enough for sexual activity. Some people also notice reduced sexual desire, though low desire can have different causes than ED. Symptoms may happen all the time or only in certain situations.
Causes and Risk Factors
ED can result from reduced blood flow, nerve problems, hormone changes, side effects of medicines, or emotional factors. Common risk factors include diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, heart disease, obesity, smoking, heavy alcohol use, sleep problems, and lack of physical activity. Stress, anxiety, depression, and relationship difficulties may worsen symptoms or be part of the cause.
Who Is Affected
ED can affect adult men of many ages, but it becomes more common as people get older. It is also more common in people with long-term health conditions such as diabetes or cardiovascular disease. Men who have had prostate surgery, pelvic injury, or certain neurological conditions may also be affected.
Prevention
Not all cases can be prevented, but reducing risk factors may help. Managing blood pressure, blood sugar, and cholesterol, avoiding tobacco, limiting alcohol, staying physically active, sleeping well, and getting support for stress or depression can lower risk. Regular health checkups may help identify related conditions early.
Diagnosis and Tests
A healthcare professional usually starts by asking about symptoms, general health, medicines, mental health, and sexual history. A physical exam and blood pressure check may be done, and blood or urine tests may be used to look for diabetes, cholesterol problems, hormone issues, or other medical causes. In some cases, further testing is needed to assess blood flow or other physical factors.
Treatment Categories
Treatment depends on the cause and may include addressing underlying conditions, changing medicines under medical supervision, counseling, or medical treatments. Mental health support can help when stress, anxiety, depression, or relationship concerns are involved. A healthcare professional can explain which options are appropriate based on a person's health and symptoms.
Living With It
ED can affect self-esteem, relationships, and emotional well-being. Open communication with a partner and a healthcare professional may reduce stress and help people find support. Because ED can be linked to other health problems, treating the broader health picture is often important.
When to Seek Medical Care
Make an appointment if erection problems are happening repeatedly, causing distress, or affecting relationships. Medical care is also important if ED starts suddenly, follows an injury, or occurs along with symptoms such as chest pain with exertion, reduced exercise tolerance, numbness, or changes in urination. Seek advice before stopping or changing any prescribed medicine.
When It May Be an Emergency
Get urgent medical help right away for an erection that lasts more than 4 hours, severe pain, major genital injury, or chest pain during sexual activity. These situations need prompt medical evaluation. Emergency care is also needed for sudden weakness, trouble speaking, or other possible stroke symptoms.