Overview
Pregnancy begins when a fertilized egg implants in the uterus and grows into a baby. A full-term pregnancy usually lasts about 40 weeks and is divided into three trimesters. During this time, the body goes through many changes to support the developing baby.
Key Symptoms
Common signs and symptoms of pregnancy can include a missed period, nausea or vomiting, tiredness, breast tenderness, needing to urinate more often, and changes in appetite. Some people also notice mood changes, bloating, or mild cramping. Symptoms vary widely, and some people have very few early symptoms.
Causes and Risk Factors
Pregnancy happens after sperm fertilizes an egg and the fertilized egg implants in the uterus. Factors that can affect pregnancy health include age, nutrition, existing medical conditions, multiple pregnancy such as twins, infections, and access to prenatal care. Tobacco, alcohol, and certain drugs or medicines can also raise the risk of complications.
Who Is Affected
Anyone with a uterus and ovaries who is able to ovulate can become pregnant. Pregnancy occurs in people of many ages and backgrounds, although health risks can differ from person to person. Social factors such as nutrition, housing, income, and access to healthcare also affect pregnancy outcomes.
Prevention
If a person wants to avoid pregnancy, contraception can lower the chance of becoming pregnant. If a person wants to prepare for pregnancy, pre-pregnancy healthcare can help review medical conditions, medicines, vaccines, and nutrition. Folic acid before and in early pregnancy helps lower the risk of some birth defects.
Diagnosis and Tests
Pregnancy is commonly confirmed with a urine or blood pregnancy test and may be supported by ultrasound. Prenatal visits usually include blood pressure checks, urine tests, blood tests, and screening for conditions that can affect the pregnant person or baby. Ultrasound and other tests may be offered at different stages of pregnancy.
Living With It
Regular prenatal visits are an important part of pregnancy care. People may need support with fatigue, nausea, emotional changes, work demands, and planning for birth and newborn care. It can help to keep a list of symptoms, questions, medicines, and appointments.
Diet and Lifestyle
A balanced diet, enough fluids, physical activity approved by a healthcare professional, and enough rest can support health during pregnancy. Avoiding alcohol, tobacco, and non-prescribed drugs is important. Before taking medicines, supplements, or herbal products, check with a qualified healthcare professional because some may not be appropriate during pregnancy.
When to Seek Medical Care
Seek medical care promptly for vaginal bleeding, severe or persistent vomiting, fever, painful urination, swelling of the face or hands, severe headache, vision changes, or reduced fetal movement later in pregnancy. Also contact a healthcare professional for signs of depression, anxiety, or if you think your water has broken. Regular prenatal care should continue even if you feel well.
When It May Be an Emergency
Get emergency care right away for heavy bleeding, severe abdominal pain, chest pain, seizures, trouble breathing, fainting, or sudden severe swelling with headache or vision changes. Emergency help is also needed for severe injury, thoughts of self-harm, or if the baby is not moving as expected later in pregnancy and you cannot reach your care team. These symptoms can signal serious complications that should not wait.