Overview
Menopause is the time when menstrual periods stop permanently because the ovaries make much less estrogen and progesterone. It is usually a natural part of aging, but it can also happen earlier because of surgery, cancer treatment, or certain medical conditions. The transition leading up to menopause is called perimenopause, and symptoms may start months or years before periods fully stop.
Key Symptoms
Common symptoms include irregular periods, hot flashes, night sweats, trouble sleeping, mood changes, and vaginal dryness. Some people also notice pain during sex, urinary symptoms, changes in sexual desire, trouble concentrating, or joint aches. Symptoms can be mild for some people and more disruptive for others.
Causes and Risk Factors
Natural menopause happens as hormone levels change with age. Menopause can happen earlier if both ovaries are removed, after some chemotherapy or radiation treatments, or with conditions that affect ovarian function. Smoking is linked with earlier menopause, and family patterns may also influence timing.
Who Is Affected
Menopause affects people who menstruate as they reach midlife, most often between ages 45 and 55. Some experience premature menopause or primary ovarian insufficiency before age 40, which needs medical evaluation. People who have had hysterectomy or ovary removal may have a different menopause pattern depending on whether the ovaries remain.
Diagnosis and Tests
Healthcare professionals often identify menopause based on age, menstrual history, and symptoms. Tests are not always needed for typical menopause around the usual age range. Testing may be considered if menopause seems early, symptoms are unusual, or there is unexpected bleeding.
Treatment Categories
Treatment depends on symptoms, age, health history, and personal preferences. Options may include hormone therapy for some people, nonhormonal medicines for certain symptoms, and treatments for vaginal or urinary symptoms. Care may also include bone health assessment, mental health support, and help with sleep or sexual health concerns.
Living With It
Keeping track of symptoms can help you notice patterns and discuss concerns clearly with a healthcare professional. Many people find it helpful to dress in layers, keep sleeping spaces cool, and plan around triggers such as heat or stress. Emotional changes can also be part of the transition, and support from family, peers, or counseling may help.
Diet and Lifestyle
Regular physical activity, enough sleep, stress management, and not smoking can support overall health during menopause. Eating a balanced diet with sources of calcium, vitamin D, protein, fruits, vegetables, and whole grains can help support bones and general well-being. Limiting alcohol may also help some people with sleep and hot flashes.
When to Seek Medical Care
Seek medical care if symptoms are affecting sleep, daily activities, mood, work, or relationships. You should also get advice if menopause seems to be happening before age 40, if you have pain during sex, bothersome urinary symptoms, or concerns about bone health. Any vaginal bleeding after menopause, very heavy bleeding, or bleeding between periods should be checked.
When It May Be an Emergency
Get urgent help right away for severe chest pain, trouble breathing, sudden weakness, fainting, or signs of a stroke, even if they happen during menopause years. Seek urgent care as well for very heavy vaginal bleeding, severe pelvic pain, or symptoms that feel sudden and extreme. These problems can have causes other than menopause and need prompt evaluation.